How do Cantons work in Switzerland?

Switzerland’s unique political system allows for a high degree of direct democracy, particularly within its cantons. This means that citizens have a direct say in shaping their local laws and policies, going beyond simply electing representatives. Here’s how it works:

1. Referendums:

• Mandatory Referendums: These are required for any constitutional amendments approved by the cantonal parliament. They also apply to emergency laws with a validity longer than a year and cantonal membership in specific international organizations. [3]
• Optional Referendums: If 50,000 citizens (or eight cantons) request a referendum on a new or revised law, it must be held. The new law is then passed or rejected by a simple majority of voters. [5]

2. Popular Initiatives:

• Citizens can propose constitutional changes: A group of at least seven citizens can launch a popular initiative. They must collect 100,000 valid signatures within 18 months to push it to a referendum. [2]
• Double majority required: For a popular initiative to pass, it needs a double majority: a majority of voters and a majority of cantons. [2]

3. Landsgemeinde:

• Open-air assembly: In some cantons, like Glarus and Appenzell Innerrhoden, citizens gather in an open-air assembly called the Landsgemeinde. [5]
• Direct voting on local issues: They vote directly on local issues and elect their leaders by raising their hands. This tradition dates back to the 14th century. [5]

Key Points to Remember:

• Frequent Referendums: Swiss citizens vote on referendums up to four times a year, both at the federal and cantonal levels. [5]
• Voter Turnout: While voter turnout is generally around 45%, it can be higher for specific issues. [5]
• Impact of Direct Democracy: Direct democracy has a significant impact on Swiss politics, forcing the government to seek broader consensus and increasing public engagement in political issues. [3]

In conclusion, direct democracy in Swiss cantons empowers citizens to have a direct say in shaping their local laws and policies. This system, with its frequent referendums, popular initiatives, and unique traditions like the Landsgemeinde, exemplifies a strong commitment to citizen participation and democratic values.